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- Crops grown in stacked layers, dramatically increasing yield per square metre
- LED grow lights replace or supplement natural sunlight
- Usually combined with hydroponics or aeroponics for efficient nutrient delivery
- Climate, humidity, COβ, and light spectra fully controlled
- Location-independent β can operate in cities, warehouses, or shipping containers
- Reduces food miles by locating production near urban consumers
- High setup and energy costs offset by year-round productivity and premium crops