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- Primary macros: N, P, K β needed in the highest quantities
- Secondary macros: Ca, Mg, S β needed in significant but smaller amounts
- Calcium strengthens cell walls; deficiency causes tip burn and blossom end rot
- Magnesium is the central atom in chlorophyll; deficiency causes interveinal yellowing
- Sulphur is needed for amino acid synthesis; deficiency causes pale new growth
- All six must be present in balanced ratios β excess of one can block uptake of another