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- Most common cause: pH outside the optimal range (5.5â6.5 in hydroponics)
- High EC can create osmotic stress that prevents water and nutrient uptake
- Mineral antagonism: excess calcium blocks magnesium; excess phosphorus blocks zinc and iron
- Symptoms mimic deficiency â yellowing, curling, or discolouration â despite adequate nutrients
- Fix: flush roots with pH-balanced plain water, then reintroduce nutrients at correct pH and EC
- Prevention: test pH and EC daily; change reservoir solution every 2â3 weeks