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- Shallow film of nutrient solution (2β3 mm deep) flows continuously through sloped channels
- Upper roots access atmospheric oxygen; lower roots absorb nutrients from the film
- Highly water-efficient β solution recirculates in a closed loop
- Best suited to fast-growing leafy crops and herbs
- Requires a reliable pump β power outages quickly stress roots
- Channel gradient of 1:30β1:40 (2β3 cm drop per metre) is critical for even flow