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- Optimal dissolved oxygen level: 6β8 mg/L (ppm) for most hydroponic crops
- DO decreases as water temperature rises β cold water holds more oxygen
- Air stones and air pumps are the primary method for maintaining DO in reservoir systems
- Water falls, cascades, and spray nozzles also oxygenate solution through surface agitation
- Anaerobic conditions (low DO) are the primary cause of root rot (Pythium) outbreaks
- DWC systems are particularly susceptible to DO crashes if air pumps fail